Heptasteornis

Heptasteornis is the name given to a dubious genus of small dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. The type (and only known) species is Heptasteornis andrewsi, described as a presumed gigantic prehistoric owl in 1975. It was previously included in Elopteryx nopcsai and indeed the holotypes of both were believed to be from the same individual as they were discovered, and initially were assigned the same specimen number. This appears to be in error however (see below).[1]

The material was discovered in Romania by Franz Nopcsa, in the late Maastrichtian Sânpetru Formation (Rognacian faunal stage, deposited c. 68 - 66 million years ago) of the Haţeg Basin in Transylvania.[2] The scientific name means "C.W. Andrews' Transylvanian bird", after the namer of Elopteryx,[3] and Ancient Greek (h)epta (επτά) "seven" + asty (άστυ) "city" + ornis (όρνις) "bird"; the Latin septum urbium[4] or the German Siebenbürgen - meaning "seven cities" or "seven castles" - were common names for the Transylvanian region throughout the centuries.

The material was originally limited to a mere two broken distal tibiotarsi, BMNH A4359 and A1528. The taxonomic status and systematic placement of these bones was much disputed and they were often considered junior synonyms of Bradycneme or Elopteryx. Given the fragmentary nature of the fossils, little could be resolved and Heptasteornis was (and still is) considered a nomen dubium by many.[5]

However, more recently the bones were reassessed as an alvarezsaurid, the first to be known from Europe, and this theory, originally proposed in 1988, has since withstood further scrutiny. Bradycneme and Elopteryx on the other hand seem to be more advanced maniraptoran theropods. The results of the restudy of BMNH A4359 also suggest that a distal piece of femur, specimen FGGUB R.1957, probably can also be assigned to Heptasteornis.[6]

Thus, quite ironically, of those three enigmatic Romanian theropods the one most explicitly named a "bird" - as per its scientific name - is almost certainly the one most distantly related to birds.