Dinocephalosaurus

Dinocephalosaurus is a genus of long necked, aquatic protorosaur that inhabited the Triassic seas. The age of the fossil horizon that the fossils of Dinocephalosaurus were found in was initially estimated at 228 million years; subsequent study by Wang et al. (2014) indicated that its age was actually 244 ± 1.3 million years.[1] Its name means "terrible headed lizard", because the first specimen found was just a skull, discovered near Xinmin in Guizhou Province, China in 2002. The second specimen found was near the same location and contained the head and much of the postcrainal skeleton, minus the tail. Dinocephalosaurus is the "First record of protorosaurid reptile (Order Protorosauria) from the Middle Triassic of China".

Description
Dinocephalosaurus is mostly closely compared with Tanystropheus, both being protorosaurs with necks twice as long as their bodies. While Tanystropheus's neck was composed of twelve elongated cervical vertebrae, Dinocephalosaurus's is from the addition of cervical vertebrae with a minimum of 25, giving the neck a length of ~1.7 m compared to a body length of about 1 m. The necks of both taxa are thought to have evolved convergently. The use of the long neck in Tanystropheus is not fully understood, but it was used for prey capture in Dinocephalosaurus. Dinocephalosaurus differed from all other protorosaurs in the fact that it was the only one that was fully aquatic, but is thought to have laid its eggs on land. Where most protorosaurs had ossified limbs adapted for terrestrial life, dinocephalosaurus "retained juvenile characteristics in the adult stage, as in many other aquatic tetrapods".

Prey capture
Most scientists who have studied Dinocephalosaurus suggested that it lived in the shallow murky waters of the sea and presumably had a diet of fish and squid. Because of low visibility in the shallow water, the long neck of Dinocephalosaurus would allow it to approach potential prey without them seeing its whole profile. Dinocephalosaurus also had a unique strike capability, where it could increase the volume of its esophagus by flaring out its cervical ribs, creating a vacuum. This is thought to be true because each of the cervical vertebrae had very pronounced transverse processes for muscle attachment and all of the cervical ribs articulated near the anterior end of the cervical vertebrae. This action would also prevent the Dinocephalosaurus from creating a pressure wave alerting the fish that they were being attacked. The Dinocephalosaurus could then grab its prey and hold onto it with the fangs in its upper and lower jaw. This reptile was then thought to have swallowed its prey whole.

An alternate hypothesis was proposed in 2005 by David Peters. He noted that several related forms without aquatic adaptations have similar cervical ribs, which provide a passive support system for the elongated neck. Peters argued that Dinocephalosaurus captured prey by settling in murky shallows, swiftly lifting its head and neck to strike at fish passing overhead. He concluded that Dinocephalosaurus was a poor swimmer at best, pointing to its extremely wide and flattened torso, skull with eyes on top of its head, and upward-curving snout as indicators of a lie-in-wait style of prey capture.